Given the contradiction between the rapid growth of products and the modest recovery rate of end-of-life products. there is a pressing need to understand the societal significance of establishing a reverse logistics network for end-of-life products. This research constructs an open-loop five-tier reverse logistic network model encompassing customers. centres for collection. https://www.bekindtopets.com/hot-mega-Jeffers-Economy-600D-Royal-Blue-Teal-Plaid-Horse-Blanket-super-sale/